특정한 시점, 시간을 선으로 본다면 ‘점’으로 나타낼 수 있음.

The Olympic games were held in 1988.

It rains cats and dogs.

I will enjoy my holdiday in the near future.

완료시제, 시간을 선으로 본다면 일정한 길이를 갖는 부분 ‘선’으로 나타낼 수 있음.

현상(상태)가 얼마 동안 지속되었다가 완료했음을 나타내는 시제.

I study English. 현재 영어공부 한다. 과거는 몰라.

I studied English. 과거에 영어공부 했다. 현재는 몰라.

I have studied English. 과거에서 지금까지 영어 공부 했다. 앞으로 할지 말지 몰라.

I have breakfast. 현재 아침 먹는다.

I have had breakfast. 과거부터 아침을 먹었고 현재까지 다 먹었다.

How are you ? 지금 어때?

How have you been ? 과거에서 지금까지 어땠어?

I finished my homework. (좀) 전에 끝냈다.

I have finished my homework. 지금 막 끝냈다.

현재 완료의 ‘완료’

He have just gone out. 방금 나갔다.

I have just finished reading that book. 방금 다 읽었다.

The bell has rung already. 종이 벌써 울렸다.

She has not done her homework yet. 아직 숙제를 않했다.

현재 완료의 ‘경험’

Have you ever seen a tiger?

I have never been abroad.

I have read War and Peace before.

Have you often met him?

I have been to America. 가본적이

I have been in America. 머문적이

현재 완료의 ‘결과’

He has gone to Seoul. 과거에 서울에 갔고 지금도 서울에 있다.

He has come back home. 과거에 돌아갔고 지금 집에 있다.

I have bought a bag. 과거에 가방을 삿고 지금 가지고 있다.

현재 완료의 ‘계속’ (상태의)

He has been in the army for two years. 지금도 군대에 있다.

He was in the army for two years. 지금은 군대에 없다.

He has smoked since he left school. 지금도 피운다.

I have loved my wife all my life. 지금도 사랑한다.

I has been ill in bed for 3 days. 지금도 누워있다.

She has been working on a farm all summer.

We have been painting two rooms since lunch time. 지금도 칠하고 있다.

It has been raining for a week. 지금도 내리고 있다.

The People in the village like the new doctor.

The horse ran third. 3위로 달렸다.

People can travel through the air by airplanes.

-> Airplanes enable people to travel through the air.

The heavy rain kept me from going home early.

keep A from B : A가 B하는 것을 방해하다.

Her homework kept her from playing outside.

-> Because of her homework, she couldn’t play outside.

The noise stopped me from doing my homework.

-> Because of the noise, I couldn’t do my homework.

Her illness prevented her from attending the meeting.

-> Because of her illness, she couldn’t attend the meeting.

Her father’s sudden death forced her to give up school.

-> Because of her father’s  sudden death, she had to give up school.

His bad health compelled him to resign from the post.

-> Because of his bad health, he had to resign from the post.

An hour’s walk will take you to the park.

Meeting my old friends took me back to my childhood.

The cry brought her to the window.

Business has brought me to Seoul.

This sad news brought tears to her eyes.

This medicine will make you feel better.

The pain made him cry out.

His wealth enabled him to buy a gift for his children.

사물을 주어로 하는 문장에서 주어는 이유, 조건, 양보 등의 의미를 갖는다.

Please give me some water to drink. 마실 물
I have a lot of homework to do. 할 숙제

I need something for my children to read.

He is not a man to desert me.
She was the first woman to have visited our museum.

I have a pencil to write. -> BAD (연필에 쓴다?)
I have a pencil to write with. -> GOOD (연필로 쓴다)

I have nothing to write. 쓸 소재가 없다.
I have nothing to write with. 쓸 필기구가 없다.
I have nothing to write on. 쓸 종이가 없다.

To persuade my father is imposible.
To give up smoking is very hard.
To know oneself is very diffcult.

To 부정사는 동사를 강조하는 효과가 있다.

To persuade my father is imposible.
It is impossible to persuade my father.
Persuading my father is imposible.

전치사 for는 형용사가 영향을 미치는 대상을 지정함
Calcium is good for your bones.
It is hard for him to make a speech in public.

전치사 of는 형용사를 가지는 주체를 지정함
It was very kind of Sally to help us.

I have no choice but to follow his advice. ~을 빼고는
It had no effect except to make him angery.
He knows better than to do such a thing. 그는 그런 행동을 할만큼 어리석지 않다.

영어는 형식적인 주어를 써서라도 반드시 주어를 나타내야 한다.

He was killed in the war by a man. 어떤 사람으로부터

A tree is in front of my house.
->
In front of my house is a tree.
->
There is a tree in front of my house.

He appears to be rich. 부자인 ~
He appeared to be rich. 부자였던 ~

He seems to have been ill. 아팠었던 것으로 보인다.

I hope to see you soon.
->
I hope that I will see you soon.

I expect him to go there.
->
I expect that he will go there.

I want to follow you.
I stepped aside for him to pass by on the road. 나는 비켜서고, 그는 지나치고

It is difficult for me to clean the room.
It is easy for me to read this book.
It is dangerous for children to play on the street.
I stepped aside for her to pass. 나는 비켜섰다. 그녀가 지나가도록
We tried to be quiet for her to study English.

성격을 나타내는 형용사가 올때 of로 to부정사의 주어를 나타냄

It is kind of you to help me.
It is foolish of him to say such a thing.

I want you to do your homework. (I stayed in bed)
The doctor advised me to stay in bed. (I was more careful)
Jack asked me to be more careful. (I had to be more careful)?
My parents allowed me to play outside. (I played outside)
The teacher told me to keep silent. (I kept silent)

I heard her sing in her room.
I saw him swim in this river.

Let me introduce my friends to you. (let: 상대가 원하는 것을 하도록 하는 것)
The manager had everybody fill out a form. (had: 부탁하는 것)
My father made me go to bed early. (made: 강제로 시키는 것)

I must have my watch repaired. 수리해야겠다.
I had my hair cut. 머리를 잘랐다.
We had our roof blown off in the storm. 폭풍으로 우리 집 지붕이 날라갔다.

That he is honest is true.
-> (주어가 길어지면 보기 싫으므로 짧은 It을 씀)
It is true that he is honest.

It은 아무런 의미가 없는 주어의 역활.

It is raining.
It's five o'clock.

It is easy for me to do my homework. 행하는(do) 나
It is foolish of me to say such a thing. 말하는 나, foolish는 사람의 성질이므로 of를 씀.

I insist on his going there. = I insist on him going there.
I don't like my sister going to such a place.
I remember a red car being parked there that day.

He is sure of passing the examination.

I heard him singing in his room.
She found him reading her letters.
Can you smell something burning.

I saw her dancing in her room.
I heard my name called behind me.
My mother asked me to wash the dishes.
He made the children keep silent for a long time.

분사구문 :
~ing나 pp로 시작하는 문장.
접속사(when등)을 생략하고 동사를 ~ing로 만는 것.

Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. 걷다가 만났다.
Tired with work, he couldn't help me. 지쳐서 도와줄 수 없다.

When the boy called on me, I was reading a book.
->
The boy calling on me, I was reading a book.

He sat reading, with his wife watching TV beside him.
She listened to me with her eyes closed.

주어가 동일하므로 생략
I like walking.
I want for me to walk.

주어가 일반인이므로 생략
Walking around aimlessly will do no good.
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.

I live in the country. 산다
My children look at me quietly. 본다

영작이라는 것은, '주어와 동사를 어떻게 써가는가'의 문제.

I want to study English writing. 원한다.

하나의 문장 : 주어와 동사가 한번만 나와야 하며 마침표(.)도 한번만 나온다.
위의 전제는 접속사(and 등)를 통해 확장시킬 수 있다.

I want to study English writing and I will study it very hard.

This is the gift.
My father bought it for me.

-> (관계대명사를 잘 쓰면 영작이 쉬워진다)

This is the gift which my father bought for me.

She sang.
I heard it.

-> (영어에서 목적어와 목적보어는 의미상 주어와 동사의 관계를 갖음)

I heard her sing. (her: 목적어, sing: 목적보어)

I saw her dance.

->

She danced.
I saw it.

My father bought a doll for me. 사주셨다.
This is a pen. It is very expensive. 펜이다. 비싸다.
I am sorry about what happend to your son. 유감이다.
Hello, this is Mr. Jeong.
We live in a house which is made of wood.
Speaking in English is not easy.
That he is an expert on cancer is known to us.

To read this book is very easy.
-> Reading this book is very easy.
-> It is very easy to read this book.

To teach English is very difficult.
-> Teaching English is very difficult.
-> It is very difficult to teach English.

I need some water to drink.
He is not a man to say such a thing.

He came to see me yesterday. ~하기 위해, 부사
I want to see hime. 보기를, 명사
I am glad to see you.
He must be a fool to do such a thing.
Her mother lived to be eighty. 80세까지, 결과
I would be happy to go with you. 간다면, 조건

주어나 목적어 또는 보어 자리에 '절'이 오면 반드시 접속사 that을 씀.
That he is honest is true.
I think that he is honest.
I think that we should respect the old.
The reason is that he was late again.